在石油、天然氣、沼氣和工業(yè)廢氣中，硫化氫（H?S）是一種讓人頭疼的有害氣體——它不僅腐蝕設(shè)備、污染環(huán)境，還對(duì)人體健康構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重威脅。傳統(tǒng)的脫硫方法要么耗能高、要么產(chǎn)生二次污染。而生物脫硫技術(shù)，憑借微生物的“吃硫”絕活，在常溫常壓下將硫化氫轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫，讓這個(gè)“臭雞蛋味”的有害氣體“灰飛煙滅”。

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a harmful gas that causes headaches in oil, natural gas, biogas, and industrial waste gas. It not only corrodes equipment and pollutes the environment, but also poses a serious threat to human health. Traditional desulfurization methods either consume high energy or generate secondary pollution. And biological desulfurization technology, relying on the unique ability of microorganisms to "eat sulfur", converts hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur at room temperature and pressure, making this harmful gas with a "stinky egg smell" disappear into smoke.

生物脫硫（BDS）是通過微生物或酶催化含硫化合物（如H?S、有機(jī)硫）選擇性斷裂C-S鍵，將硫轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫或硫酸鹽的過程。該技術(shù)利用需氧或厭氧菌群在常溫常壓下分解硫化物，保留有機(jī)物碳骨架，具有能耗低、硫資源可回收等顯著特點(diǎn)。其核心機(jī)理是：在堿性洗滌液中，硫化氫被吸收后形成硫氫根離子，隨后在硫氧化菌的催化作用下被氧化為單質(zhì)硫。這一過程通過化學(xué)氧化與生物代謝的耦合作用，實(shí)現(xiàn)了硫化氫向單質(zhì)硫的轉(zhuǎn)化與分離。

Biological desulfurization (BDS) is the process of selectively breaking C-S bonds in sulfur-containing compounds (such as H2S and organic sulfur) through microbial or enzymatic catalysis, converting sulfur into elemental sulfur or sulfate. This technology utilizes aerobic or anaerobic bacterial communities to decompose sulfides at room temperature and pressure, retaining the organic carbon skeleton. It has significant characteristics such as low energy consumption and recoverable sulfur resources. The core mechanism is that in alkaline washing solution, hydrogen sulfide is absorbed to form thiol ions, which are then oxidized to elemental sulfur under the catalytic action of sulfur oxidizing bacteria. This process achieves efficient conversion and separation of hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur through the coupling of chemical oxidation and biological metabolism.

生物脫硫技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷程跨越了半個(gè)多世紀(jì)。該技術(shù)起源于1948年美國(guó)首個(gè)專利，初期因菌群控制難題未能實(shí)現(xiàn)工業(yè)化。1998年美國(guó)IGT研究所分離出降解二苯并噻吩的菌株，推動(dòng)了技術(shù)的重大突破。1992年EBC公司優(yōu)化玫鴻球菌，實(shí)現(xiàn)了脫硫不損耗烴類的目標(biāo)。2000年后，生物脫硫逐步與加氫脫硫等技術(shù)結(jié)合形成復(fù)合工藝，并在中國(guó)石化等項(xiàng)目中驗(yàn)證了工業(yè)化應(yīng)用，硫去除率達(dá)99.8%。

The development process of biological desulfurization technology spans over half a century. This technology originated from the first patent in the United States in 1948 and was initially unable to be industrialized due to difficulties in controlling microbial communities. In 1998, the IGT Institute in the United States isolated a strain capable of degrading dibenzothiophene, which led to a significant breakthrough in technology. In 1992, EBC company optimized Streptococcus pyogenes and achieved the goal of desulfurization without loss of hydrocarbons. After 2000, biological desulfurization gradually combined with hydrogenation desulfurization and other technologies to form a composite process, which was verified for industrial application in projects such as Sinopec, with a sulfur removal rate of 99.8%.

生物脫硫的技術(shù)路線主要分為生物過濾法和生物吸附法兩大類。在沼氣處理領(lǐng)域，生物脫硫又分為一體式和分離式兩類——一體式工藝通過空氣混合沼氣在生物濾池脫硫，適用于低濃度硫化氫；分離式工藝采用洗滌塔與生物反應(yīng)器分步處理，解決了填料堵塞問題，適用于高濃度硫化氫及沼氣提純場(chǎng)景。生物脫硫技術(shù)現(xiàn)已實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用，中科院成都生物研究所還提出了以硝化處理后的沼液實(shí)現(xiàn)同步沼氣脫硫和沼液脫氮的新思路。

The technical routes of biological desulfurization are mainly divided into two categories: biological filtration and biological adsorption. In the field of biogas treatment, biological desulfurization can be divided into two types: integrated and separated. The integrated process uses air mixed biogas to desulfurize in a biological filter, which is suitable for low concentration hydrogen sulfide; The separation process adopts a washing tower and a bioreactor for step-by-step treatment, which solves the problem of packing blockage and is suitable for high concentration hydrogen sulfide and biogas purification scenarios. The biological desulfurization technology has now been industrialized and applied. The Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences has also proposed a new idea of synchronously desulfurization and denitrification of biogas slurry through nitrification treatment.

從石油天然氣到沼氣工程，從工業(yè)廢氣到污水處理廠，生物脫硫正在用微生物的力量，將“臭氣”變成“硫磺”，將“污染”化為“資源”。正如一篇綜述所指出的，多硫化物既是生物脫硫過程的中間產(chǎn)物，也是硫氧化菌代謝過程的關(guān)鍵底物，其濃度與鏈長(zhǎng)分布直接影響著單質(zhì)硫的選擇性及分離效率。在這場(chǎng)由微生物主要的“吃硫”行動(dòng)中，大自然給了人類一份意想不到的清潔禮物。

From oil and gas to biogas engineering, from industrial waste gas to sewage treatment plants, biological desulfurization is using the power of microorganisms to turn "odors" into "sulfur" and "pollution" into "resources". As pointed out in a review, polysulfides are not only intermediate products in biological desulfurization processes, but also key substrates in the metabolism of sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Their concentration and chain length distribution directly affect the selectivity and separation efficiency of elemental sulfur. In this microbial led "sulfur eating" campaign, nature has given humanity an unexpected gift of cleanliness.

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