沼氣作為一種可再生能源，從厭氧發(fā)酵裝置產(chǎn)出時攜帶有大量的硫化氫。在我國環(huán)保標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中嚴(yán)格規(guī)定，利用沼氣能源時，沼氣氣體中硫化氫含量不得超過20mg/m?。沼氣中還有大量的水蒸氣存在，水與硫化氫共同作用會加速金屬管道、閥門和流量計的腐蝕和堵塞。此外，硫化氫燃燒后生成的二氧化硫與燃燒產(chǎn)物中的水蒸氣結(jié)合成亞硫酸，會對設(shè)備金屬表面產(chǎn)生腐蝕，并造成大氣環(huán)境污染，影響人體健康。因此，在使用沼氣之前，脫除其中的硫化氫。業(yè)內(nèi)常用的沼氣脫硫方法主要有干法脫硫、濕法脫硫和生物法脫硫三種。

Biogas, as a renewable energy source, carries a large amount of hydrogen sulfide when produced from anaerobic fermentation facilities. In China's environmental standards, it is strictly stipulated that when using biogas energy, the hydrogen sulfide content in biogas gas shall not exceed 20mg/m?. There is still a large amount of water vapor present in biogas, and the combined action of water and hydrogen sulfide can accelerate the corrosion and blockage of metal pipelines, valves, and flow meters. In addition, the sulfur dioxide generated after the combustion of hydrogen sulfide combines with the water vapor in the combustion products to form sulfurous acid, which can corrode the metal surface of equipment and cause atmospheric pollution, affecting human health. Therefore, before using biogas, it is necessary to remove hydrogen sulfide from it. The commonly used biogas desulfurization methods in the industry mainly include dry desulfurization, wet desulfurization, and biological desulfurization.

干法脫硫是非常早應(yīng)用于沼氣脫硫的技術(shù)之一，其基本原理是以氧氣使硫化氫氧化成硫或硫氧化物，也可稱為干式氧化法。干法設(shè)備的構(gòu)成是在容器內(nèi)放入填料，填料層有活性炭、氧化鐵等。氣體以低流速從一端經(jīng)過容器內(nèi)填料層，硫化氫與脫硫劑發(fā)生反應(yīng)而被去除。以氧化鐵作為脫硫劑為例，硫化氫與Fe?O?·H?O反應(yīng)生成Fe?S?；當(dāng)脫硫劑吸附飽和后，通過自然通風(fēng)，F(xiàn)e?S?與氧氣和水反應(yīng)再生為Fe?O?·H?O，同時生成單質(zhì)硫。干法脫硫的特點(diǎn)是設(shè)備制造簡單、操作方便，工作過程中無需人員值守，定期換料即可。脫硫劑通常分為活性炭系、氧化鐵系、鋅錳系等幾類，脫硫塔多為固定床層，多塔串聯(lián)使用。干法脫硫一般適合用于沼氣量小、硫化氫濃度低的場景，也常用于濕法脫硫或生物脫硫之后進(jìn)行精脫硫。

Dry desulfurization is one of the earliest technologies applied to biogas desulfurization. Its basic principle is to use oxygen to oxidize hydrogen sulfide into sulfur or sulfur oxides, also known as dry oxidation method. The composition of the dry process equipment is to place fillers in the container, and the filler layer includes activated carbon, iron oxide, etc. The gas passes through the packing layer inside the container at a low flow rate, and hydrogen sulfide reacts with the desulfurizer to be removed. Taking iron oxide as a desulfurizer as an example, hydrogen sulfide and Fe-O? ·H-O reaction generates Fe-S?; After the desulfurizer is saturated with adsorption, natural ventilation is used, Fe?S? Reacting with oxygen and water to regenerate Fe? O? ·H? O simultaneously generates elemental sulfur. The characteristics of dry desulfurization are simple equipment manufacturing, easy operation, no need for personnel to be on duty during the work process, and regular material replacement. Desulfurizers are usually divided into several types such as activated carbon, iron oxide, zinc manganese, etc. The desulfurization tower is mostly a fixed bed and multiple towers are used in series. Dry desulfurization is generally suitable for scenarios with low biogas production and low hydrogen sulfide concentration, and is also commonly used for fine desulfurization after wet desulfurization or biological desulfurization.

濕法脫硫是將沼氣送入洗滌塔，經(jīng)堿性溶液洗滌吸收后流出。洗滌液進(jìn)入富液槽和再生槽，通過使用化學(xué)藥劑方法催化、氧化，非常終將硫化物轉(zhuǎn)化為單質(zhì)硫（硫泡沫），吸收液可以再生循環(huán)使用。濕法脫硫工藝采用堿液（氫氧化鈉或碳酸鈉）與沼氣逆流接觸脫除硫化氫，在再生槽內(nèi)通過特定的催化劑（萘醌類物質(zhì)），將堿液吸收后的硫化氫催化生成單質(zhì)硫、硫代硫酸鹽、硫酸鹽，同時堿液大部分得到再生，可繼續(xù)在洗滌塔內(nèi)吸收硫化氫。濕法脫硫工藝大大減輕了干法脫硫工藝的勞動強(qiáng)度。濕法脫硫可以歸納分為物理吸收法、化學(xué)吸收法和氧化法三種，成熟的氧化脫硫法脫硫效率可達(dá)99.5%以上。近年來新興的絡(luò)合鐵濕法脫硫技術(shù)，通過Fe??催化氧化硫化氫為硫磺，脫硫效率達(dá)99%以上，且不受二氧化碳干擾。

Wet desulfurization is the process of sending biogas into a washing tower, which is washed and absorbed by an alkaline solution before flowing out. The washing solution enters the rich solution tank and regeneration tank, and finally converts sulfide into elemental sulfur (sulfur foam) through catalysis and oxidation using chemical agents. The absorption solution can be regenerated and recycled. The wet desulfurization process uses alkaline solution (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate) to counter flow with biogas to remove hydrogen sulfide. In the regeneration tank, specific catalysts (naphthoquinone substances) are used to catalyze the hydrogen sulfide absorbed by the alkaline solution into elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and sulfate. At the same time, most of the alkaline solution is regenerated and can continue to absorb hydrogen sulfide in the washing tower. The wet desulfurization process greatly reduces the labor intensity of the dry desulfurization process. Wet desulfurization can be classified into three types: physical absorption method, chemical absorption method, and oxidation method. The mature oxidation desulfurization method has a desulfurization efficiency of over 99.5%. In recent years, the emerging complex iron wet desulfurization technology has been developed, which utilizes Fe?? Catalytic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur, with a desulfurization efficiency of over 99%, and not affected by carbon dioxide interference.

干法和濕法作為傳統(tǒng)的化學(xué)脫硫方法，是目前沼氣脫硫的主要手段，但也存在污染大、成本高、效率低等問題。干法脫硫需要定期更換脫硫劑，運(yùn)行成本隨脫硫劑消耗而累積；濕法脫硫則面臨廢液處理和催化劑消耗等挑戰(zhàn)。這些局限性推動了更為環(huán)保的生物脫硫技術(shù)的發(fā)展。

Dry and wet methods, as traditional chemical desulfurization methods, are currently the main means of biogas desulfurization, but they also have problems such as high pollution, high cost, and low efficiency. Dry desulfurization requires regular replacement of desulfurizers, and operating costs accumulate with the consumption of desulfurizers; Wet desulfurization faces challenges such as waste liquid treatment and catalyst consumption. These limitations have driven the development of more environmentally friendly and efficient biological desulfurization technologies.

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